

Red Famine: Stalin's War on Ukraine : Applebaum, Anne: desertcart.co.uk: Books Review: Well researched, well written, a must read - Such an important book. A must read for anyone trying to understand Russia’s full scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Review: Another brilliant expose of Stalin's butchery - Once again Anne Applebaum has provided a well researched, authoritative book on the horrors of the Soviet Union. If anyone still feels that there was any merit in the ghastly construct that destroyed so moany lives, let them read this and the superb "Gulag" by the same author. I found this a slightly more difficult read than "Gulag" but once it gets into its stride you become transfixed by the horror and the waste. It is now abundantly clear that Stalin set out to destroy any opposition to the Soviet state, and, more importantly, his reputation and that a few million Ukrainians would not stand in his way. Stalin was determined to collectivise farms, and he was closely identified with what would shortly prove to be a disastrous policy. It soon became very clear that collectivisation was leading to a decrease in productivity, but Stalin could not be wrong. He also wished to stamp out any nationalist feelings in the Ukrainian population. Hatred of the peasant amongst the party cadres sent to ensure that they were not hiding food meant that whilst some food was confiscated, small amounts, which would have allowed the family to survive for a while were deliberately spoiled before the eyes of the starving owners. The consequences of the famine meant that ethnic Russians were sent to farm in Ukraine to replace the dead. This has repurcussions now, and the epilogue makes quite clear that Russia is behind attempts to save ethnic Russians from Ukrainian "Nazis" by invading modern Ukraine. This is an excellent and important book, and should be read by anyone who has any lingering sympathy for the dreadful experiment that was communism.
| ASIN | 0241003806 |
| Best Sellers Rank | 881,030 in Books ( See Top 100 in Books ) 3,056 in History (Books) 24,616 in Social Sciences (Books) |
| Customer reviews | 4.6 4.6 out of 5 stars (2,073) |
| Dimensions | 16.2 x 3.6 x 24 cm |
| Edition | 1st |
| ISBN-10 | 9780241003800 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0241003800 |
| Item weight | 957 g |
| Language | English |
| Print length | 512 pages |
| Publication date | 7 Sept. 2017 |
| Publisher | Allen Lane |
C**S
Well researched, well written, a must read
Such an important book. A must read for anyone trying to understand Russia’s full scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022.
M**S
Another brilliant expose of Stalin's butchery
Once again Anne Applebaum has provided a well researched, authoritative book on the horrors of the Soviet Union. If anyone still feels that there was any merit in the ghastly construct that destroyed so moany lives, let them read this and the superb "Gulag" by the same author. I found this a slightly more difficult read than "Gulag" but once it gets into its stride you become transfixed by the horror and the waste. It is now abundantly clear that Stalin set out to destroy any opposition to the Soviet state, and, more importantly, his reputation and that a few million Ukrainians would not stand in his way. Stalin was determined to collectivise farms, and he was closely identified with what would shortly prove to be a disastrous policy. It soon became very clear that collectivisation was leading to a decrease in productivity, but Stalin could not be wrong. He also wished to stamp out any nationalist feelings in the Ukrainian population. Hatred of the peasant amongst the party cadres sent to ensure that they were not hiding food meant that whilst some food was confiscated, small amounts, which would have allowed the family to survive for a while were deliberately spoiled before the eyes of the starving owners. The consequences of the famine meant that ethnic Russians were sent to farm in Ukraine to replace the dead. This has repurcussions now, and the epilogue makes quite clear that Russia is behind attempts to save ethnic Russians from Ukrainian "Nazis" by invading modern Ukraine. This is an excellent and important book, and should be read by anyone who has any lingering sympathy for the dreadful experiment that was communism.
B**D
The Politics of Famine in Soviet- and post-Soviet-Ukraine
While aware in a general way that ghastly things happened in Ukraine during the Stalin era (to the extent that Wehrmacht troops were greeted as liberators in 1941), my first encounter with the term "Holodomor" came in a quiet back road off Acton High Street in west London, when I encountered a memorial outside a church used by a Ukrainian congregation. Applebaum's book sets out to tell the story of that long-overlooked episode of mass murder and trace its reverberations into the present day confrontation between Putin's Russia and an independent Ukraine. This involves going wider than the narrow tale of dekulakisation, collectivisation and, ultimately, mass starvation in the Ukrainian countryside in the early 1930's. The whole Soviet Union underwent the first two processes without (quite) tipping into massive starvation (though she concedes this needs more examination-recent scholarship suggests that Kazakhstan's experience was as horrendous). Her argument is that, in effect, whatever screws were turned on the countryside elsewhere were given extra twists in Ukraine to break its national identity and that the destruction of the Ukrainian peasantry was paralleled by the destruction of the Ukrainian cultural elites- even ones who saw themselves as loyal Communists. Stalin and his closest associates, on this telling, were obsessed with a fear of "losing" Ukraine after their experiences in the post-Revolutionary civil war when the region collapsed into chaos and Reds, Whites, Nationalists of various kinds, peasant Anarchists led by Makhno and outside powers like Poland fought for power. If the New Economic Policy represented a fragile compromise with the peasantry, Soviet Ukrainianisation in the same period was a fragile and deceptive compromise with the carriers of national identity. Both were consciously destroyed by Stalin in an assertion of central, Moscow-based power- and grain delivery targets were deliberately set at completely unrealistic levels to justify stealing even seed corn from the peasantry. Although on one level the horrendous consequences (just under 4 million deaths from starvation on the most recent estimates) were an open secret in Soviet society, they were nevertheless covered up both domestically (by shooting those who had undertaken the 1937 census and discovered the massive population shortfall) and internationally (by a largely servile foreign press corps). Overall her account carries conviction. The understandable focus on Ukraine leads one to wonder whether there is a slight loss of perspective at times- was Ukraine really at the very top of Stalin's agenda every day and its fate the driving factor in all Soviet policy, as is implied? Some aspects of the aftermath of the famine are somewhat under-examined. Ironically one of these is just what long term effects it had on agriculture in Ukraine; was collectivisation there an even worse disaster than elsewhere? How did survivors and perpetrators coexist in the Ukrainian countryside afterwards given that the gangs looting food from Ukrainian peasants were overwhelmingly composed of Ukrainian peasants- in many cases this was very much neighbours turning on each other? On the cultural side, how far did the undoubted achievements of the brief period of Ukrainianisation survive- for instance, is the spelling of modern literary Ukrainian derived from the attempt to create a standardised written language then? When dealing with the cover up for international consumption, the story is a bit centred on a limited number of mostly Anglophone figures (including, in fairness, the Welsh journalist who managed to report the truth and was largely disowned as a result). It's revealing that the only authentic photographs of the famine came from an Austrian engineer with links to the Catholic church while some of the sharpest and best informed diplomatic reports were filed by consuls appointed by Mussolini's Italy. Overall though the book does put the horrors of the Holodomor into a proper long term perspective.
C**G
Understanding Ukraine and the Geopolitical Situation
To understand better why Ukraine is fighting so hard against the illegal invasion of Russia into their country, read this history of Ukraine. Covering the famines of the early 1920s and then the 1930s, one sees how Russia manufactured and enforced the starvation of a people to prevent them having their own culture, language and country. Anne Applebaum forcefully presents the facts of the time and how this relates to the current situation. Not an easy read but absolutely necessary considering the geopolitical situation of our times.
M**Y
Shocking - but brilliantly written
This book is shocking in so many ways. It's a shock that the west knows so little about the brutal policies that caused the famine in 1933. It is a shock that the Russian government even now forbids any mention of the word 'famine'. The scale of the suffering, entirely a result of Soviet government policy, is hard to believe and heartbreaking. It's a shock that the Ukraine census team were shot for failing to hide the 3.5M collapse of the Soviet population. It's a shock the western governments ignored the reports emerging from Ukraine, party because a counter narrative was being put forward by the Soviet government, but probably more because European politicians saw other storms on the way from Berlin. Anne Applebaum does a superb job combining witness testimonies with archived government documents. Rarely have I read a book so powerful that it made me want to cry out with rage. Those who witnessed the famine at first hand were terrified of reporting up to Stalin, lest they find themselves in a gulag or shot. So it 'never happened'. If you want to know how the current Russian government learned to show such disdain for the truth, even today promoting their 'alternative facts', you can see the origins in this book. A useful summary of Ukrainian history from 1917 leading up to the two major famines plus an assessment of the 40-year cover up which followed, are ample evidence.
T**0
Detailed history of the brutal communist imposed artificial famine which decimated Ukraine This is an excellent book which analyzes how the 1932 – 1933 drought in Ukraine was the result of Soviet policies. It offers detailed records and moving oral histories of life in the Ukraine from 1918 to 1935. The first third of the book is a little dry as it is dealing with places, names and events that I wasn’t familiar with. However, by the time the book starts to describe the campaign against the “kulaks” (small landowners who employed 2 or 3 farmhands) to the brutal collectivization of the early 30s to the forced confiscation of all peasant food stuffs in the winter of 32-33, the story is stunning in its brutality. The Ukraine famine is rarely mentioned in the retelling of brutal 20th century genocides (20th century should probably be known as the “death century”) as the retelling of it would go against the prevailing leftist cultural stranglehold which propagates the idea that socialist/communist societies are magical wonderlands where humanity flourishes. As AOC and Bernie Sanders and a generation of university educated morons assure us that this time the promise of socialism (now rebranded as “democratic “) will magically meet the needs of mankind, this book is a brutal reminder of what power in the hands of ideologically inspired, class conscious, “do gooders” actually looks like. The demonization campaign against the Kulaks reminded me so much of the current cultural currents surrounding straight white CIS men that it was eerie. (From chapter 4 ) "public shaming played an important role in the campaign ……. to who knew them. Silence and terrify everyone. In the atmosphere of hysteria and hatred any criticism of the Communist Party (prevailing liberal ethos) could be used as evidence that the critic was a nationalist, a fascist (or the catch all racist)” Ever wonder why comedians aren’t so funny anymore? “The official dislike of the kobzar and he bandura was no surprise, like court jesters in Shakespeare’s day, they had always expressed impolitic (politically incorrect) thoughts and ideas, sometimes singing of things that could not be spoken. In the heated atmosphere of collectivization, when everyone was in search of enemies, this form of humor—along with the nostalgia was intolerable” After 5 million dead in just over a year, the Soviets yielded and stopped the confiscation of grains. By this time any resistance to the Soviet way was long evaporated. The only thing that remained was to insure the genocide was lost to history. Aided and abetted by such liberal luminaries of our “free” press such as NY Times journalist Walter Duranty, the real facts of this genocide lay hidden for 40 years. The history of the Ukrainian people is tragic and reverberates today. I have a co worker in his mid-20s at work whose family emigrated from Ukraine in the 90s. The other day he happened to ask me if I had read any good books lately. I said I’m reading “Red Famine”. He asked what that was about and I told him it was about the collectivization of the farms in Ukraine and subsequent famine. He said “Oh the famine of 32-33.” For a young kid, born in America to know the dates of that famine, when the typical millennial couldn’t tell you the date of Pearl Harbor, I thought was remarkable. It shows the psychic effect of Socialism 3 generations later. Read this book for the knowledge you will game, your humanity it will touch and use it to inspire you to resist the false promises of state run economies which a segment of our naïve, woefully mis-educated electorate is pushing.
R**X
Most important book, the historical truth about the Holodomor, genocide by starvation of the Ukrainian nation.
G**S
It explains why and what’s happening today in Ukraine.
A**R
Im Frühjahr und Sommer 1933 lag über den Dörfern der Ukraine eine gespenstische Stille. Pferde und Rinder, Schweine und Hühner, Hunde und Katzen waren spurlos verschwunden. In den Häusern dämmerten ausgemergelte Gestalten dahin, denen die Kraft für die Feldarbeit fehlte. Das Ackerland blieb auch deshalb unbestellt, weil die Bauern kein Saatgut besaßen. Seit Monaten herrschte Hunger in der Ukraine, einem Land, das seit alters her für die Fruchtbarkeit und reichen Erträge seiner Böden bekannt war. Der menschliche Verstand sträubt sich gegen die Vorstellung, dass Millionen ukrainischer Bauern verhungerten. Wie konnte es dazu kommen? Anne Applebaum hat diese Frage in den Mittelpunkt ihres Buches gestellt. Wie schon in ihrem Buch über das Gulag-System führt Applebaum ihren Lesern die Schrecken der Stalin-Zeit vor Augen. Die Große Hungersnot von 1932/33 war die schlimmste humanitäre Katastrophe, die die Sowjetunion zu Friedenszeiten erlebte. Nicht nur die Ukraine war von dieser Katastrophe betroffen, sondern auch andere Regionen, der Nordkaukasus, das Wolga-Gebiet und Kasachstan. Die Zahl der Opfer kann auch nach den intensiven Forschungen der jüngeren Zeit nur annähernd bestimmt werden. Neueren Berechnungen zufolge verhungerten allein in der Ukraine rund 3,9 Millionen Menschen. Der Streit um das "richtige" historische Verständnis der Hungersnot belastet seit Jahren das Verhältnis zwischen der Ukraine und Russland. Obgleich die Hungersnot auch in der Russischen Sowjetrepublik Hunderttausende Opfer forderte, ist sie im Geschichtsbewusstsein der heutigen Russen kaum präsent. In der Hierarchie der Opfer rangieren die Hungertoten weit hinter den Gefallenen des Zweiten Weltkrieges und den Verfolgten des Großen Terrors von 1937/38. In Russland werden die bäuerlichen Opfer von Zwangskollektivierung, Entkulakisierung und Hungersnot schulterzuckend als Kollateralschäden der sozialistischen Modernisierung abgetan. Anders ist es in der Ukraine: Dort wird die Hungersnot als eine Form von Völkermord verstanden, als bewusst und gezielt herbeigeführter Aderlass, der den Widerstand der Ukrainer gegen Stalins diktatorische Herrschaft brechen sollte. Auch Anne Applebaum betont die politischen Dimensionen der Hungerkatastrophe. Der große Vorzug des Buches besteht darin, dass die Hungersnot nicht als isoliertes Ereignis betrachtet, sondern umfassend in die Geschichte Russlands und der Sowjetunion eingebettet wird. Sowohl die Zaren als auch die Kommunisten sahen in der Ukraine nichts anderes als eine Kornkammer, die das Imperium mit Nahrungsmitteln zu beliefern hatte. Die Ukrainer galten seit jeher nicht als eigenständiges Volk, und das Recht auf staatliche Unabhängigkeit wurde ihnen abgesprochen. Zu Beginn der 1920er Jahre machten Lenin und die Bolschewiki zwar einige Zugeständnisse an das Nationalgefühl der Ukrainer, besonders im Bildungswesen und in der Kultur. Doch in Moskau herrschte stets Misstrauen gegenüber den Ukrainern. Nach den Wirren der Revolutions- und Bürgerkriegszeit stand für die Bolschewiki fest, dass die ukrainischen Bauern aufsässig und politisch unzuverlässig seien, dass die Ukraine ausländischen Feinden als Einfallstor nach Russland diene. Wachsamkeit war daher angeraten und vor allem ein energisches Vorgehen gegen jegliche Versuche der Ukrainer, die straffe Kontrolle durch Moskau zu lockern oder gar abzuschütteln. Der Gedanke, die Ukraine könnte "verlorengehen", gehörte zu Stalins schlimmsten Albträumen. Der Verlust der Ukraine hätte die Sowjetunion zweifellos nachhaltig geschwächt. Als Stalin Ende der 1920er Jahre den Entschluss zur Zwangskollektivierung der Landwirtschaft fasste, begann eine verhängnisvolle Entwicklung, die schließlich in die Hungersnot von 1932/33 mündete. In der Ukraine war der Widerstand gegen die Zwangskollektivierung besonders heftig. Für Stalin war der bäuerliche Widerstand nichts anderes als "Terror" und "Konterrevolution". Die Gewaltmaßnahmen und die ausbeuterische Politik des Regimes stürzten die Landwirtschaft in eine schwere Krise. Hunderttausende Bauern wurden deportiert. Den neugegründeten Kolchosen wurden übertrieben hohe Abliefermengen für Getreide und andere Nahrungsmittel auferlegt. Selbst nach der schlechten Ernte von 1931 wurden die Kolchosen weiter ausgepresst, um die Versorgung der Städte und Industriezentren und den Getreideexport sicherzustellen. "Beschaffungsbrigaden" fielen über die Dörfer her. Sie raubten den Bauern alles Essbare und sogar das Saatgetreide. Stalin kannte kein Erbarmen. Im Frühjahr 1933, als die Hungerkatastrophe ihren Höhepunkt erreichte, legte er in einem Brief an den Schriftsteller Michail Scholochow seine Sicht der Dinge mit brutaler Offenheit dar: Die Bauern der Ukraine hätten einen "Krieg gegen die Sowjetmacht" vom Zaun gebrochen; sie seien an ihrem Elend selbst schuld. Seit Anfang 1932 war abzusehen, dass in der Ukraine und anderen Regionen eine Hungersnot drohte. Die Moskauer Führung tat jedoch nichts, um das Unheil abzuwenden. Weder reduzierte sie die Ablieferquoten der Kolchosen, noch schickte sie Lebensmittel in die Hungergebiete. Über den Hunger wurde öffentlich nicht gesprochen, und das Ausland wurde nicht um Hilfe gebeten (anders als bei der Hungersnot von 1921/22). Schließlich wurde die Ukraine abgeriegelt, um die verzweifelten Bauern an der Abwanderung in andere Regionen zu hindern. Stalin war überzeugt davon, dass sich in der Ukraine Bauern und Intellektuelle gegen den Sowjetstaat verschworen hätten. Deshalb führte er in den Jahren des Hungers eine Kampagne gegen alle Kräfte, die als Wortführer des ukrainischen Nationalismus galten. Bildungs- und Wissenschaftseinrichtungen wurden ebenso gesäubert wie die Kommunistische Partei der Ukraine, an deren Gefolgschaft Moskau zunehmend zweifelte. Stalin erreichte sein Ziel: Mitte der 1930er Jahre ging von der Ukraine keine wie auch immer geartete Bedrohung für seine Herrschaft und "sein" System mehr aus. Applebaum schließt sich jenen westlichen und ukrainischen Historikern an, die die Hungersnot als menschengemachte Katastrophe betrachten. Stalin habe die aufsässigen Ukrainer bestrafen und disziplinieren wollen. Diese Argumentation ist überzeugend. Die Quellenlage lässt eine andere Interpretation kaum zu. Jene Kapitel des Buches, die das Hungern und Sterben in den Dörfern der Ukraine schildern, bieten eine erschütternde und beklemmende Lektüre. Applebaum schöpft aus dem umfangreichen Fundus von Erlebnisberichten, die die internationale Forschung in den letzten Jahrzehnten zusammengetragen hat. Abgesehen von Kriegen und Bürgerkriegen gibt es wohl nichts, was eine Gesellschaft so sehr zerrüttet und traumatisiert wie eine große Hungersnot. Mit ihrem Buch rückt Anne Applebaum eine Katastrophe ins allgemeine Bewusstsein, die im Vergleich mit anderen Schrecken der Stalin-Zeit noch immer zu wenig Aufmerksamkeit erfährt. Applebaum gibt den Tätern einen Namen und den Opfern eine Stimme. Das Leid der ukrainischen Landbevölkerung wird auf bedrückende Weise erlebbar; es bleibt nicht abstrakt wie in rein wissenschaftlichen Darstellungen. Es lässt sich darüber streiten, ob die vom Sowjetregime verschuldete Hungersnot in der Ukraine als Völkermord einzustufen ist. Nicht bestreiten lässt sich hingegen, dass diese Hungersnot zu den großen Tragödien des 20. Jahrhunderts zählt.
D**L
Thoroughly researched. Well-written. A must-read for anyone interested in the history of Ukraine, USSR, Stalin or Communism. Not for the feint-hearted, it's an in-depth account of a shocking era in world history.
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